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Aye, L, Bamford, N, Charters, B and Robinson, J (1999) Environmentally sustainable development: a life cycle costing approach for a commercial office building in Melbourne, Australia. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 735–42.

Bates, M, Sturges, J, McGowan, K and Sommerville, J (1999) Material supply in house construction: the potential to enhance performance by improving communication. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 559–67.

Blismas, N G, Sher, W and Thorpe, A (1999) The nature and characteristics of multi-site construction projects and programmes. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 541–9.

Blyth, K and Kaka, A (1999) The industry's view of stage payments and the Latham recommendations. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 635–43.

Borthwick, F, Galloway, R L and Seden, R (1999) The impact of the european construction products directive on uk construction product manufacturers. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 231–8.

Boussabaine, A H and Elhag, T M S (1999) Knowledge discovery in residential construction project cost data. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 489–98.

Boussabaine, A H, Kirkham, R J and Grew, R G (1999) Estimating the cost of energy usage in sport centres: a comparative modelling approach. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 481–8.

Boyd, D and Wild, A (1999) Construction projects as organization development. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 221–9.

Brandli, L L, Jüngles, A E and Heineck, L F (1999) Sub-contracting policies: the case of the construction firms in brazil. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 579–87.

Briscoe, G H, Dainty, A R J and Millett, S J (1999) The likely impact of the tax system on self-employment in the british construction industry. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 211–20.

Chileshe, N, Watts, N and Watson, P (1999) Total quality management and project management systems: a solution to re-thinking construction. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 245–54.

Corbett, P and Rowley, P (1999) The use of BCIS elemental cost data by quantity surveyors as part of cost planning techniques: the practitioners’ perspective. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 465–72.

Davis, R and Watson, P (1999) The utilization of formulae in overhead and profit claims. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 645–53.

Dawood, N N and Marasini, R (1999) Optimization of stockyard layout for the pre-cast building products industry. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 445–54.

Dawood, N N, Hobbs, B and Fanning, A (1999) Standardization of brickwork construction: process identification. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 395–404.

Druker, J and Croucher, R (1999) Human resource management in European construction companies. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 161–70.

Duncan, R, Neale, R H and Bagilhole, B M (1999) Equal opportunities and the reconciliation of work and family within the construction process. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 171–80.

Egbu, C O (1999) Mechanisms for exploiting construction innovations to gain competitive advantage. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 115–23.

Egbu, C O, Sturges, J and Bates, M (1999) Learning from knowledge management and trans-organizational innovations in diverse project management environments. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 95–103.

Eksteen, B (1999) Construction management education for the 21st century: a South African perspective. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 43–52.

Elhag, T M S and Boussabaine, A H (1999) Evaluation of construction cost and time attributes. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 473–80.

Emmitt, S, Gorse, C A and Jones, S R (1999) The housing site manager: changing roles and training needs. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 551–8.

Farrell, P and Gale, A (1999) The influence of site manager career progression paths on the successful outcome of construction projects. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 133–42.

Field, C and Davenport, D (1999) PFI policy since 1996 and the implications for Small and Medium sized enterprises in the UK construction industry. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 715–24.

Galha, H M (1999) Economic quality design. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 345–54.

Gorse, C A, Emmitt, S and Lowis, M (1999) Problem solving and appropriate communication medium. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 511–8.

Griffiths, G (1999) Construction procurement arrangements of housing associations in liverpool. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 725–33.

Harding, A, Lowe, D, Hickson, A, Emsley, M and Duff, A R (1999) Implementation of a neural network model for the comparison of the cost of different procurement approaches. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 763–72.

Harris, P T and Holt, G D (1999) The management of sustainable social housing refurbishment strategies in the West Midlands region of the UK. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 203–10.

Hill, C (1999) Understanding the language of chaos. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 127–32.

Hollis, M and Bright, K (1999) Surveying the survey. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 265–74.

Hughes, W and Shinoda, H (1999) Achieving satisfactory contractual terms for the engineer's role. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 597–606.

Hugill, D (1999) Negotiating access: presenting a credible project. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 53–61.

Johansen, D E and Greenwood, D J (1999) Hard, soft or lean? Planning on medium-sized construction projects. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 385–94.

Kamara, J M, Anumba, C J and Hobbs, B (1999) From briefing to client requirements processing. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 317–26.

Knight, A and Watson, P (1999) The role of self and peer appraisal in construction education and its contribution to the concept of life long learning. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 13–22.

Lam, G T W, Cheung, S O and Ng, S T (1999) The effectiveness of design and build conditions of contract. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 607–14.

MacKenzie, J, Gibb, A G F and Bouchlaghem, N M (1999) Communication of safety in the design phase. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 569–78.

Maddocks, A and Sher, W (1999) Introducing professional development at undergraduate level. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 33–41.

Masera, M (1999) An innovative planning technique in quality management. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 415–23.

Mbugua, L M, Harris, P T, Holt, G D and Olomolaiye, P O (1999) A framework for determining critical success factors influencing construction business performance. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 255–64.

McCaffer, R and Edum-Fotwe, F T (1999) Moving on from the crossroads: an agenda for research development in construction management. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 3–11.

McMahon, P, Dawood, N N and Hobbs, B (1999) Development of an integrated ground modelling system. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 307–15.

Mecca, S (1999) A model of construction planning procedure according to contingency theory. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 405–14.

Mecca, S and Masera, M (1999) Technical risk analysis in construction by means of FMEA methodology. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 425–34.

Miller, C J M, Packham, G A and Williams, T (1999) Re-defining sub-contracting: reducing transaction costs?. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 655–64.

Motawa, I A, Price, A D F and Sher, W (1999) Implementing construction innovations. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 65–74.

Muya, M, Price, A D F and Thorpe, A (1999) Implementation of information technology in materials logistics in the UK construction industry. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 105–13.

Nanayakkara, L (1999) An interpretive research methodology for assessing the appicability of western productivity techniques in Sri Lanka. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 191–9.

Palaneeswaran, E and Kumaraswamy, M M (1999) Dynamic contractor pre-qualification. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 615–24.

Pavitt, T C and Gibb, A G F (1999) Managing organizational interfaces in the cladding supply chain: initial results from expert interviews. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 519–28.

Poon, J, Potts, K and Cooper, P (1999) Development of a new best practice model for building projects. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 705–14.

Poon, S W and Price, A D F (1999) Decisions made on construction sites. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 589–94.

Preece, C and Stocking, S (1999) Safety communications management in construction contracting. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 529–39.

Proverbs, D G and Holt, G D (1999) The strive for productivity and quality: views of UK project managers. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 375–83.

Rad, H N and Khosrowshahi, F (1999) Visualization of the impact of time on internal flooring. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 363–72.

• Type: Conference Proceedings
• Keywords: building maintenance; carpets; flooring system; visualization; VRML
• ISBN/ISSN: 0 9534161 2 7
• URL: http://www.arcom.ac.uk/-docs/proceedings/ar1999-363-372_Rad_and_Khosrowshahi.pdf
• Abstract:
  This paper forms part of a broader research into the development of a building maintenance programme through visualization of the building as it degrades over time. In a previous work, by the authors, the overview model of building maintenance visualization has been given in which the behaviour of building components are mathematically analysed before submitted for VRML representation. In a later effort, the authors addressed, in greater detail, the visualization of the lighting system of a building through time. The work analysed the lighting systems from various perspectives and formulated their probabilistic behaviour, by developing a generic algorithm for the Probability Density Functions (PDF) representing the behaviour of the light source. In compliance with the objectives of the broader research, this paper focuses on the flooring system of a building with particular reference to carpeting and the manner carpets degrade over time. To this end, a better understanding of the pattern and rate of usage (access) is an imperative. Thus, the concept of anthropy has been adopted to describe the movement behaviour of ‘subjects’ and to develop an understanding about the pattern and density of carpet usage. This behaviour is then expressed in mathematical forms.

Ribeiro, F L (1999) A case-based reasoning framework in value engineering. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 287–96.

Ribeiro, F L (1999) Appraisal of value engineering in design in Portugal. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 277–86.

Root, D, Fernie, S and Baldwin, A N (1999) The languages of product and service: barriers to the integration of construction and design. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 181–90.

Roy, R and Gaze, C (1999) Introduction of new technology for a customer-focused speculative housebuilding industry. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 85–94.

Salam, M A, Sarkar, S, Blackwood, D J and Staines, H J (1999) High-rise building construction in Bangladesh: experience of questionnaire development and on-site data collection. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 23–32.

Salleh, K R and Ruddock, L (1999) The development of a hedonic price model of retail property facilities design. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 337–44.

Scott, D and Pang, C-K (1999) Helping professionals make good use of the Internet. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 75–83.

Sherif, M A and Price, A D F (1999) A framework for pre-project planning. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 435–44.

Smith, J and Wyatt, R (1999) Strategic needs analysis: preliminary results. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 685–93.

Soetanto, R, Proverbs, D G and Cooper, P (1999) A conceptual model of performance and satisfaction for main participants of construction project coalitions. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 501–10.

Ssegawa, J K (1999) Construction industry’s contribution towards Botswana’s vision 2016. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 743–52.

Steele, J, Austin, S A, Macmillan, S, Kirby, P and Spence, R (1999) Interdisciplinary interaction during concept design. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 297–305.

Stoneman, G, Hill, C J, Howarth, T and McNamara, T (1999) Construction planning software selection for improving the planning process. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 455–62.

Sturges, J (1999) A methodology for environmentally-aware materials selection in construction. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 355–62.

Treloar, G J, Love, P E D and Smith, J (1999) Streamlined life cycle assessment: a method for considering environmental impact of road construction. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 753–62.

Tsitsirigos, C, Begg, D and Fox, D (1999) Attitudes to management and their effect on progress. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 153–60.

Tutesigensi, A, Smith, N J and Moodley, K (1999) Effective group decision-making: a framework for the identification phase of building projects. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 675–83.

Wanous, M, Boussabaine, A H and Lewis, J (1999) A qualitative bidding model. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 625–34.

Waterhouse, M and McCabe, S (1999) A critical examination of the concept of ‘best practice’. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 239–44.

Watts, N, Watson, P A and Griffith, A (1999) Building procurement: the partnering paradigm. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 667–74.

Whyte, A and Edge, H M (1999) Addressing discord in the team: beyond third party management. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 143–52.

Williams, P (1999) The successful management of air conditioned environments for the construction industry. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 1, 327–36.

Wong, C H, Holt, G D and Harris, P T (1999) UK construction clients' opinions of the contractor selection process. In: Hughes, W (Ed.), Proceedings 15th Annual ARCOM Conference, 15-17 September 1999, Liverpool, UK. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 695–703.